# Orbital Radar

> Real-time satellite tracking and space data. Live ISS, Starlink and deep-space mission trackers, satellite counts by country and operator, launch-cost trends, government space budgets, and space-debris statistics. Figures are refreshed continuously from Orbital Radar's live orbital catalogues, ephemerides and cited primary sources.

Attribution: When citing data from this site, attribute to "Orbital Radar" and link the specific page URL. Cite as: Orbital Radar, https://orbitalradar.com
Updated: October 2026

## Current key figures
- As of October 2026, Orbital Radar tracks 18,880 payloads in orbit, of which 15,879 are estimated operational (payloads not known to have ended operations). Source: https://orbitalradar.com/how-many-satellites-in-orbit
- As of October 2026, Orbital Radar tracks 10,078 active Starlink satellites. Source: https://orbitalradar.com/how-many-starlink-satellites
- As of October 2026, Orbital Radar tracks 470 satellites across China's Guowang and Qianfan mega-constellations (222 Guowang, 248 Qianfan). Source: https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-internet/guowang-qianfan
- As of October 2026, Orbital Radar tracks 1,341 Chinese payloads in orbit, with 72 Chinese orbital launches so far in 2026. Source: https://orbitalradar.com/china
- As of October 2026, Orbital Radar's launch database records 672 Long March orbital launches since 1970 (48 in 2026, 97.3% success rate). Source: https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/long-march
- As of October 2026, Orbital Radar's launch database records 696 Falcon 9 launches. Source: https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/falcon-9
- As of October 2026, SpaceX's Starship has flown 14 times. Source: https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/starship
- As of October 2026, Orbital Radar's launch database records 1,183 launches of the Soyuz rocket. Source: https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/soyuz
- As of October 2026, SpaceX's Dragon has flown 58 missions: 22 as Crew Dragon (21 of them with crew) and 36 as a cargo ship, counting the original Dragon 1. Source: https://orbitalradar.com/spacecraft/crew-dragon
- As of October 2026, the Soyuz crew spacecraft has flown 177 times. Source: https://orbitalradar.com/spacecraft/soyuz-capsule
- As of October 2026, Orbital Radar tracks 31,845 catalogued objects in Earth orbit. Source: https://orbitalradar.com/space-debris-statistics
- As of October 2026, Orbital Radar's launch database records 247 orbital launches worldwide so far in 2026. Source: https://orbitalradar.com/spaceports
- Current planetary Kp index: 4 (G0), aurora activity active, updated continuously from live geomagnetic data. Source: https://orbitalradar.com/space-weather
- Next major meteor shower: the Orionids, peaking on the night of 21 to 22 October 2026, with the Moon 79% lit at the peak. Source: https://orbitalradar.com/meteor-showers/orionids
- Starshield: 352 SpaceX Starshield satellites identified on 27 launches (14 of them National Reconnaissance Office missions); 348 still in orbit. Their orbits are not published. Source: https://orbitalradar.com/starshield-satellites
- Starmind: 0 SpaceX Starmind AI satellites in orbit (none launched yet); SpaceX's application of 30 January 2026 asks for up to 1,000,000. Source: https://orbitalradar.com/starmind-tracker
- Rassvet (Bureau 1440, Russia): as of 22 October 2026, 31 of the 32 Rassvet production satellites launched are in orbit; 26 have reached the ~510 km working orbit, 2 are climbing, 2 are descending and 1 has re-entered. Bureau 1440's plan (July 2026): 156 by the end of 2026. Source: https://orbitalradar.com/rassvet-tracker
- As of 22 October 2026, working satellites in Earth orbit carry about 245 MW of solar arrays, generating about 126 MW at any moment (about 1.1 TWh a year), and 17.5 POPS of computing; humanity rates 0.732 on the Kardashev scale. Source: https://orbitalradar.com/kardashev-scale-tracker
- Spacewalks recorded: 501 since 18 March 1965 (284 at the ISS, 27 at Tiangong; 10 in 2026); most recent 1 September 2026, Sophie Adenot and Jessica Meir, NASA EMU suit, 6h 49m. Source: https://orbitalradar.com/spacewalk-tracker
- As of 22 October 2026, Orbital Radar's latest screening found 356 close approaches under 10 km involving military, government or watched satellites, 184 of them cross-border and 9 under 1 km. Source: https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-maneuver-tracker

## Live data & statistics
- [Satellite directory](https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-directory): Searchable directory of every tracked object in Earth orbit — name, NORAD ID, operator, orbit class, status and live orbital parameters for each. Commercial or bulk data access is available under licence — see https://orbitalradar.com/data-access.
- [How many satellites are in orbit](https://orbitalradar.com/how-many-satellites-in-orbit): Live count of active satellites and total tracked objects, by type, orbit and country.
- [How many Starlink satellites](https://orbitalradar.com/how-many-starlink-satellites): Live active Starlink count, deployment timeline and constellation design.
- [Satellites by country](https://orbitalradar.com/satellites-by-country): Active satellites ranked by nation, updated from the live catalogue.
- [Chinese satellites](https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/country/china): China's satellites and space programmes — BeiDou, Gaofen, Yaogan, Tiangong and the Guowang/Qianfan mega-constellations.
- [Satellites by operator](https://orbitalradar.com/satellites-by-operator): Active satellites ranked by operator.
- Country fleet profiles with live counts: https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/country/united-states, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/country/russia, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/country/united-kingdom, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/country/japan, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/country/india, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/country/european-union, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/country/canada, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/country/uae, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/country/australia (China below).
- Operator fleet dashboards with live counts: https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/operator/spacex, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/operator/oneweb, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/operator/amazon-leo, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/operator/iridium, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/operator/planet-labs, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/operator/maxar, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/operator/ses, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/operator/intelsat, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/operator/viasat, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/operator/eumetsat, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/operator/noaa, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/operator/rocket-lab, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/operator/spire, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/operator/globalstar, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/operator/telesat, https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/operator/blacksky.
- [Objects in orbit by type](https://orbitalradar.com/objects-in-orbit-by-type): Payloads, rocket bodies and debris broken down with live figures.
- [Space debris statistics](https://orbitalradar.com/space-debris-statistics): Tracked debris by type, orbit and source — live figures and orbital mass.
- [Orbital Register](https://orbitalradar.com/register): the satellite re-entry register. Every human-made object whose flight has ended since 1957, each with a permanent, citable entry number (details in the Orbital Register section below).
- [Launch database](https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-launch-log): Every orbital rocket launch since 1957 — searchable by year, vehicle, operator, country and outcome, with a dedicated page for each launch and links to the satellites it deployed.
- [Near-Earth object database](https://orbitalradar.com/near-earth-objects): Live tracker for near-Earth asteroids — orbital class, estimated size, hazard status, current distance from Earth and upcoming close approaches, with a page for every object.

## Space agencies
- [Space agencies of the world](https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies): The definitive guide to the world's space agencies — 24 in-depth profiles (NASA, ESA, CNSA, Roscosmos, ISRO, JAXA, KASA, the UAE Space Agency, EUSPA, Iran, Israel, North Korea and more) with live agency-operated satellite counts, budgets, crewed capability and launch infrastructure, plus a directory of 70+ national and multilateral space agencies with founding dates and capability tiers.
- [NASA profile](https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/nasa): NASA's budget, missions, live tracked fleet, crew in space now and head-to-head comparisons with CNSA, ESA and Roscosmos.
- [CNSA profile](https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/cnsa): China National Space Administration — budget, the Tiangong station, BeiDou, live fleet count and how CNSA compares with NASA and ISRO.
- [ISRO profile](https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/isro): Indian Space Research Organisation — budget, PSLV reliability, NavIC, Gaganyaan and live comparisons with CNSA, JAXA and SUPARCO.
- [KASA profile](https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/kasa): Korea AeroSpace Administration — South Korea's national space agency since May 2024 (successor to KARI's policy role), the Nuri rocket and Danuri lunar orbiter.
- [ESA profile](https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/esa): The European Space Agency: budget, Ariane 6 and Vega-C access to space, live tracked fleet and comparisons with NASA and CNSA.
- [JAXA profile](https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/jaxa): Japan's space agency: H3 and HTV-X, budget, live fleet and programme highlights.
- [Roscosmos profile](https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/roscosmos): Russia's space agency: Soyuz crew and Progress cargo operations, budget and live fleet.
- The remaining agency dashboards follow the same pattern: https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/cnes, https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/dlr, https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/uksa, https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/csa, https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/asi, https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/aeb, https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/suparco, https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/asa, https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/uaesa, https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/isa-israel, https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/isa-iran, https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/tua, https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/aee, https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/tasa, https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/conae, https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/nata, https://orbitalradar.com/space-agencies/euspa.

## Launch vehicles & spacecraft
- [Launch vehicles compared](https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/): Every major active rocket side by side: height, payload to orbit, reusability, cost and live flight counts, with a payload-to-rocket finder.
- [Falcon 9](https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/falcon-9): SpaceX's partially reusable workhorse rocket: specifications, payload to orbit, booster reuse and a live launch count.
- [Falcon Heavy](https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/falcon-heavy): SpaceX's triple-core heavy-lift rocket: specifications, payload capacity and every mission flown.
- [Starship](https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/starship): SpaceX's fully reusable super heavy-lift system: specifications and every test flight.
- [Space Launch System (SLS)](https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/sls): NASA's Artemis Moon rocket: specifications, payload and flight log.
- [New Glenn](https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/new-glenn): Blue Origin's heavy-lift orbital rocket with a reusable first stage: specifications, payload and launches.
- [New Shepard](https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/new-shepard): Blue Origin's reusable suborbital rocket for crew and research flights.
- [Long March 5B](https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/long-march-5b): China's heavy-lift rocket for Tiangong station modules, including its uncontrolled core-stage re-entries.
- [Ariane 6](https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/ariane-6): Europe's heavy launcher: A62 and A64 variants, payload and launches.
- [Soyuz rocket](https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/soyuz): Russia's long-serving crew and cargo launcher: specifications, payload and launch record.
- [PSLV](https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/pslv): India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle: specifications, payload and launch record.
- [Electron](https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/electron): Rocket Lab's small-satellite launcher: specifications, payload, price and booster recovery.
- [Vulcan Centaur](https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/vulcan-centaur): United Launch Alliance's heavy-lift successor to Atlas V and Delta IV Heavy.
- [H3](https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/h3): Japan's flagship launcher: configurations, payload and launches.
- [Vega C](https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/vega-c): Europe's small-to-medium launcher for Earth observation and science satellites.
- [Spacecraft compared](https://orbitalradar.com/spacecraft): Every active crew and cargo spacecraft side by side: crew seats, cargo mass, reuse, status and live flight counts, with a mission-to-spacecraft matcher.
- [Crew Dragon](https://orbitalradar.com/spacecraft/crew-dragon): SpaceX's crew capsule: specifications, capsule reuse and a complete log of every flight.
- [Cargo Dragon](https://orbitalradar.com/spacecraft/cargo-dragon): SpaceX's ISS cargo capsule, which returns experiments to Earth: specifications and a complete log of every flight.
- [Boeing Starliner](https://orbitalradar.com/spacecraft/starliner): Boeing's CST-100 crew capsule: specifications, test flights and programme status.
- [Orion](https://orbitalradar.com/spacecraft/orion): NASA's deep-space crew capsule for the Artemis Moon missions.
- [Soyuz spacecraft](https://orbitalradar.com/spacecraft/soyuz-capsule): Russia's crew capsule, the most-flown crewed spacecraft in history.
- [Shenzhou](https://orbitalradar.com/spacecraft/shenzhou): China's crew spacecraft for the Tiangong space station.
- [Progress](https://orbitalradar.com/spacecraft/progress): Russia's uncrewed cargo freighter, resupplying space stations since 1978.
- [Tianzhou](https://orbitalradar.com/spacecraft/tianzhou): China's cargo freighter for the Tiangong space station.
- [Cygnus](https://orbitalradar.com/spacecraft/cygnus): Northrop Grumman's ISS cargo spacecraft.
- [Dream Chaser](https://orbitalradar.com/spacecraft/dream-chaser): Sierra Space's winged, runway-landing cargo spaceplane.
- [Starship HLS](https://orbitalradar.com/spacecraft/starship-hls): SpaceX's lunar lander for NASA's Artemis crewed Moon landings.
- [HTV-X](https://orbitalradar.com/spacecraft/htv-x): JAXA's next-generation ISS cargo spacecraft, launched on H3.

## Spaceports
- [Spaceports of the world](https://orbitalradar.com/spaceports): 12 major orbital launch sites profiled side by side, with live global launch counts, per-site schedules and comparison data.
- [Kennedy Space Center & Cape Canaveral](https://orbitalradar.com/spaceports/kennedy-space-center): The world's busiest launch complex: pads from LC-39A to SLC-40, Falcon 9 cadence, Artemis missions and visitor information, with a live launch schedule.
- [Vandenberg Space Force Base](https://orbitalradar.com/spaceports/vandenberg): America's polar and sun-synchronous launch site: SLC-4E and SLC-3E pads, live schedule and launch history.
- [Starbase](https://orbitalradar.com/spaceports/starbase): SpaceX's Starship development and launch site at Boca Chica, Texas: pads, the catch tower and every test flight.
- [Baikonur Cosmodrome](https://orbitalradar.com/spaceports/baikonur): The world's oldest spaceport: from Sputnik and Gagarin to today's Soyuz crew and Progress cargo launches.
- [Guiana Space Centre](https://orbitalradar.com/spaceports/guiana-space-centre): Europe's equatorial spaceport at Kourou: Ariane 6 and Vega-C pads, and why 5°N matters for GEO launches.
- [Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center](https://orbitalradar.com/spaceports/jiuquan): China's oldest spaceport in the Gobi Desert and home of crewed Shenzhou launches.
- [Wenchang Space Launch Site](https://orbitalradar.com/spaceports/wenchang): China's coastal spaceport on Hainan Island: Long March 5, 7 and 8 pads, Tiangong and lunar missions.
- [Satish Dhawan Space Centre](https://orbitalradar.com/spaceports/satish-dhawan): ISRO's Sriharikota launch site: PSLV, GSLV and LVM3 pads, Chandrayaan and Gaganyaan missions.
- [Vostochny Cosmodrome](https://orbitalradar.com/spaceports/vostochny): Russia's newest cosmodrome, in the Amur region: Soyuz-2 and Angara launches.
- [Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1](https://orbitalradar.com/spaceports/mahia): The private spaceport on New Zealand's Māhia Peninsula: Electron pads and high-cadence sun-synchronous launches.
- [SaxaVord Spaceport](https://orbitalradar.com/spaceports/saxavord): The UK's licensed vertical orbital launch site on Unst, Shetland: pads, tenants and polar access.
- [Esrange Space Center](https://orbitalradar.com/spaceports/esrange): Sweden's Arctic launch site near Kiruna: sounding-rocket heritage and a new orbital launch complex.

## Space economy
- [The global space economy](https://orbitalradar.com/space-economy): Market size, sector revenue and growth forecasts.
- [Launch cost trends](https://orbitalradar.com/space-economy/launch-cost-trends): Cost per kilogram to LEO by launch vehicle, with historical pricing.
- [Government space budgets](https://orbitalradar.com/space-economy/government-space-budgets): National space-agency budgets ranked, with per-capita and GDP share.
- [Debris removal market](https://orbitalradar.com/space-economy/debris-removal-market): The active-debris-removal sector sized and tracked.
- [Private space investment](https://orbitalradar.com/space-economy/private-space-investment): Venture and institutional investment in the space sector.
- [Space insurance market](https://orbitalradar.com/space-economy/space-insurance-market): Premiums, claims and coverage for objects in orbit.
- [Commercial space directory](https://orbitalradar.com/commercial-space): Companies across launch, satellites, stations and services.
- [Earth observation from space](https://orbitalradar.com/earth-observation): How satellites monitor the planet, sector by sector.

## Satellite internet
- [Guowang & Qianfan — China's satellite internet](https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-internet/guowang-qianfan): China's two LEO broadband mega-constellations (28,000+ planned satellites) — live in-orbit counts for each, deployment progress, orbital shells, launch vehicles and strategic context.
- [Starlink vs Amazon Leo (Kuiper)](https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-internet/starlink-vs-kuiper): Head-to-head on speed, price, latency and coverage.
- [Satellite internet speeds & latency](https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-internet/speeds-and-latency): Real-world speeds and latency by provider.
- [Starlink review](https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-internet/starlink): Speed, coverage, pricing and real-world performance of Starlink.
- [Starlink vs OneWeb](https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-internet/starlink-vs-oneweb): The two LEO broadband pioneers compared.
- [How satellite internet works](https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-internet/how-satellite-internet-works): Ground stations, laser links and latency explained.
- [Kuiper launch schedule](https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-internet/kuiper-launch-schedule): Amazon Leo deployment launches, past and upcoming.
- [Kuiper availability](https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-internet/kuiper-availability): Where and when Amazon Leo service arrives.
- [How many Kuiper satellites](https://orbitalradar.com/how-many-kuiper-satellites): Live Amazon Leo constellation count and deployment progress.
- [Mega-constellations explained](https://orbitalradar.com/mega-constellations-explained): What mega-constellations are, with live active counts for Starlink, OneWeb, Amazon Leo, Guowang and Qianfan.
- [Qianfan vs Starlink — the deployment race](https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-internet/qianfan-vs-starlink): Both mega-constellations measured at the same programme age from live tracking data — in-orbit counts, deployment pace, launch cadence and completion projections, recomputed daily.

## Space weather
- [Live space weather](https://orbitalradar.com/space-weather): Live space-weather dashboard: current Kp index and G-scale storm level, solar flares today (live X-ray flare class), solar wind speed and Bz, a 3-day Kp and aurora forecast, a CME arrival watch, aurora visibility for your location and a 3D magnetosphere view, each with a plain-English verdict. Answers "is there a solar storm today" with live data.
- [Aurora forecast tonight](https://orbitalradar.com/space-weather/aurora-forecast): Tonight's aurora and northern lights forecast: live Kp, how far south the aurora will reach, the best viewing window and per-city outlooks for 42 cities, e.g. https://orbitalradar.com/space-weather/aurora-forecast/tromso, https://orbitalradar.com/space-weather/aurora-forecast/yellowknife, https://orbitalradar.com/space-weather/aurora-forecast/edinburgh.
- [What is space weather?](https://orbitalradar.com/space-weather/what-is-space-weather): Solar wind, flares, CMEs and geomagnetic storms, explained.
- [Kp index explained](https://orbitalradar.com/space-weather/kp-index-explained): What the Kp index measures, the 0-9 scale and G1-G5 storm levels, and what each level means for aurora visibility and satellites.
- [Solar storms and satellites](https://orbitalradar.com/space-weather/solar-storms-and-satellites): How geomagnetic storms increase drag, damage satellites and trigger early re-entries, including the 2022 Starlink storm loss.
- [Space weather and GPS](https://orbitalradar.com/space-weather/space-weather-and-gps): How solar activity degrades GPS and GNSS accuracy.

## Live trackers
- [China in Space hub](https://orbitalradar.com/china): The complete live picture of Chinese space activity — active-satellite count, launches year-to-date, a programme-coded live map of the whole Chinese fleet, Guowang/Qianfan deployment, Tiangong crew, BeiDou-vs-GPS comparison, launch cadence since 2016 and the orbital-population growth curve. All figures measured continuously by Orbital Radar.
- [ISS tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/iss-tracker): Live position of the International Space Station.
- [Is the ISS visible tonight?](https://orbitalradar.com/iss-visible-tonight): Personalised ISS pass times for your location.
- [What's that light in the sky?](https://orbitalradar.com/what-is-that-light-in-the-sky): Identifies what you just saw in the night sky: a live "what's overhead now" check for your location, a step-by-step identifier covering satellites, Starlink trains, the ISS, aircraft, planets, meteors, re-entries and flashes, plus a reverse pass lookup by date and time.
- [Starlink tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/starlink-tracker): Live Starlink constellation map.
- [Qianfan tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/qianfan-tracker): Live map of China's Qianfan (Thousand Sails) mega-constellation — the only dedicated Qianfan tracker on the web, with in-orbit count, deployment progress, launch history and overhead pass checks.
- [Guowang tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/guowang-tracker): Live map of China's Guowang state constellation — decodes the HULIANWANG catalogue names most sources miss, with live count, deployment progress and launch history.
- [BeiDou tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/beidou-tracker): Live map of China's BeiDou global navigation system across its three orbital regimes (MEO, IGSO, GEO) — live satellite counts per regime, which BeiDou satellites are above any location right now, a BeiDou-vs-GPS comparison with live counts on both sides, and the full launch history.
- [Tiangong tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/tiangong-tracker): Live position and pass predictions for China's Tiangong space station.
- [GPS satellite tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/gps-satellite-tracker): Live map of the GPS constellation, with which GPS satellites are above any location right now.
- [Galileo tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/galileo-tracker): Live map of Europe's Galileo navigation constellation.
- [OneWeb tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/oneweb-tracker): Live map of the OneWeb broadband constellation.
- [Amazon Leo tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/amazon-leo-tracker): Live map of Amazon's Leo broadband constellation as it deploys.
- [Starmind tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/starmind-tracker): SpaceX's Starmind AI computing constellation from application to orbit: satellites in orbit, every launch, the next launch and the regulatory record of the application for up to 1,000,000 satellites. The page becomes a live map when the first satellites are catalogued.
- [Rassvet tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/rassvet-tracker): Live map of Russia's Rassvet satellite internet constellation (Bureau 1440) with the status of every satellite: which have reached the working orbit, which are climbing, holding lower or descending, and which have re-entered; a day-by-day chart of satellites reaching orbit, every launch, the test satellites and the next launch.
- [Kardashev Scale Tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/kardashev-scale-tracker): Live solar power and computing in Earth orbit. Orbit's satellites generate about 1.1 TWh a year, more electricity than 52 countries and territories; the Moon's shadow switched off up to 8.9 MW of them in the solar eclipse of 12 August 2026; humanity rates 0.732 on the Kardashev scale.
- [Spacewalk tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/spacewalk-tracker): Every spacewalk since 1965, updated after each one: the next announced spacewalk with a countdown, the last spacewalk at the ISS and at Tiangong, counts by suit, station and year, the spacewalk records and the full log of every spacewalk, with a citation box.
- [Satellite Maneuver Tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-maneuver-tracker): Live orbit-change detection: which satellites maneuvered in the last 24 hours, plus close-approach screening between strategic satellites; notable encounters keep permanent pages, archived at https://orbitalradar.com/conjunctions.
- [Satellite Conjunction Archive](https://orbitalradar.com/conjunctions): Permanent record of notable close approaches: the closest cross-border encounters on record, military payload passes and the last 30 days of notable traffic, each with a citable per-encounter analysis page.
- [Re-entry Tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-reentry-tracker): Satellites and rocket bodies about to re-enter, with predicted windows and live decay data.
- [Space Debris Map](https://orbitalradar.com/space-debris-map): Live 3D map of tracked orbital debris.
- [Orbital Eye](https://orbitalradar.com/orbital-eye): Live space-situational-awareness dashboard: launches, re-entries, maneuvers and close approaches at a glance.
- [Satellite Eye](https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-eye): Which imaging satellites can see a given location right now, with overpass times: who is watching from space.
- [Live satellite view of my house](https://orbitalradar.com/live-satellite-view-of-my-house): The honest answer to "can I get a real-time view of my house": why no app streams live imagery of an address, how old mapping imagery really is, what satellite cameras can actually resolve, and the live views that do exist, from imaging-satellite overpasses for any location to the real-time tracking globe.
- [Skylens](https://orbitalradar.com/skylens): Augmented-reality sky view in the browser: point a phone at the sky and passing satellites are labelled live.
- [Satellite pass predictions](https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-pass-predictions): Pass times for any satellite over any location, plus a reverse lookup: enter a date, time and place and it identifies the satellite you saw.
- [Satellite transit finder](https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-transit-predictions): Where and when the ISS, the Tiangong space station and the Hubble Space Telescope cross the Sun or the Moon over the next 10 days: exact ground paths of the visible strip, local times to a tenth of a second, cloud forecasts along the path, a field-mode countdown and push or email alerts confirmed from fresh orbit data. City pages for 71 cities, for example https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-transit-predictions/london.
- [Satellite audio archive](https://orbitalradar.com/satellite-audio-archive): Sounds from space: recorded satellite radio passes.
- [Amateur radio satellite passes](https://orbitalradar.com/amateur-radio-satellite-passes): Upcoming amateur-radio satellite passes with live Doppler data.
- [Satellite propagation heatmap](https://orbitalradar.com/propagation-heatmap): Grid-square coverage heatmap for satellite radio operators.
- [ORBIT daily game](https://orbitalradar.com/orbit): A daily guess-the-satellite puzzle built on real orbital data: a new mystery satellite every day.
- [All live trackers](https://orbitalradar.com/trackers): Index of every real-time tracker on the site.
- [JWST tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/jwst-tracker): Live position of the James Webb Space Telescope at the Sun–Earth L2 point (1.5 million km from Earth) on NASA JPL Horizons ephemeris — real-time distance from Earth and L2, RA/Dec, the current observation target and instrument from the STScI observing schedule, DSN antenna contact status and an auto-updating image gallery.
- [Roman Space Telescope tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/roman-tracker): Live tracking of NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (launched 30 August 2026) on its journey to Sun–Earth L2 — real-time distance from Earth, percentage of the 1.5-million-km cruise complete, countdown to L2 arrival (early December 2026), mission milestones, WFI/CGI instrument data, DSN contact status and an auto-updating gallery. Roman is not observing yet; first science images are expected in early 2027, and the page upgrades automatically as each mission phase completes.
- [Hubble tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/hubble-tracker): Live position, altitude and speed of the Hubble Space Telescope in low Earth orbit — real-time ground track, altitude-decay chart and re-entry forecast (2034–2038), naked-eye pass predictions for your location, the current observation target, and a live three-way comparison with the ISS and Tiangong.
- [Space Telescopes hub](https://orbitalradar.com/space-telescopes): The complete guide to every space telescope operating right now — live trackers for Hubble, JWST, Roman, Chandra, TESS, SPHEREx, Swift, NuSTAR and IXPE, plus the L2 fleet (Euclid, Gaia's legacy), NICER on the ISS and the retired greats (Kepler, Spitzer), with a full comparison table and answers to what telescopes are in space right now.
- [Chandra tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/chandra-tracker): Live position of the Chandra X-ray Observatory on its 63.5-hour highly elliptical orbit reaching a third of the way to the Moon — real-time altitude, distance, speed and orbit phase, next perigee/apogee countdowns, the sub-satellite point on a world map, and the latest X-ray imaging release, updating automatically.
- [TESS tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/tess-tracker): Live position of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite on its 13.7-day lunar-resonant orbit — real-time distance from Earth, live Moon distance backing the P/2 resonance status, apsis countdowns and the latest planet-hunting news, updating automatically.
- [SPHEREx tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/spherex-tracker): Live position of the SPHEREx infrared survey observatory in its sun-synchronous polar orbit — real-time sub-satellite point, all-sky survey progress with the current survey sector, and the latest infrared sky-mapping release, updating automatically.
- [Swift tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/swift-tracker): Live position of the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory plus a LIVE gamma-ray burst alert card — the most recent GRB with detection time, duration class, sky position and a running mission total of bursts detected, updating on every detection.
- [NuSTAR tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/nustar-tracker): Live position of NuSTAR, the high-energy X-ray observatory in its near-equatorial orbit — real-time sub-satellite point, equator-crossing countdown and the latest hard X-ray release, updating automatically.
- [IXPE tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/ixpe-tracker): Live position of IXPE, the X-ray polarisation observatory flying the flattest orbit of any space telescope (0.23°, chosen to dodge the South Atlantic Anomaly) — real-time position, next orbital-sunrise countdown and the latest polarisation science release, updating automatically.
- [Deep Space tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/deep-space): Live 3D solar-system map of every active spacecraft operating beyond Earth orbit — Voyager 1 & 2, JWST, Parker Solar Probe, New Horizons, Europa Clipper, Juno and 20+ more — with real-time distance from Earth and the Sun, speed, one-way signal delay (from NASA JPL Horizons) and live NASA Deep Space Network antenna status. Each mission has its own "where is X right now" page, e.g. https://orbitalradar.com/deep-space/voyager-1, https://orbitalradar.com/deep-space/jwst, https://orbitalradar.com/deep-space/parker-solar-probe.
- [Moon globe](https://orbitalradar.com/moon): Live 3D globe of the Moon — tracks lunar orbiters (LRO, Chandrayaan-2, Danuri, CAPSTONE) on NASA JPL Horizons ephemeris, with Apollo and robotic landing sites, craters and Artemis candidate regions, the real day/night terminator and the Moon's current phase.
- [Mars globe](https://orbitalradar.com/mars): Live 3D globe of Mars — tracks Mars orbiters (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Express, Mars Odyssey, ExoMars TGO and the UAE's Hope) and both moons, Phobos and Deimos, on NASA JPL Horizons ephemeris, with the Perseverance and Curiosity rovers, landing and crash sites, and named surface features (Olympus Mons, Valles Marineris, the polar caps), plus local Mars time, season (solar longitude Ls) and the day/night terminator.
- [Sun globe](https://orbitalradar.com/sun): Live 3D globe of the Sun — real-time solar flares and active regions from NOAA SWPC, the corona and solar wind, and every Sun-watching spacecraft (Parker Solar Probe, Solar Orbiter, STEREO-A, BepiColombo) on NASA JPL Horizons ephemeris, with near-side NASA SDO imagery and space-weather intelligence.
- [Worlds](https://orbitalradar.com/worlds): The hub of Orbital Radar's live, interactive 3D globes — Earth, the Moon, Mars and the Sun.
- [Eclipse tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/eclipses): Every solar AND lunar eclipse from the recent past to 2029, each with its own page — for solar: the path of totality (or annularity), exact contact times, a real-time shadow map; for lunar: the global P1/U1/U2/max/U3/U4/P4 contact times, whether the Moon is up and moonrise/moonset per city, blood-moon totality durations; both with a clock-driven live view and what you will see from any of ~290 world cities (server-computed local circumstances) — plus how to watch an eclipse safely. Recent eclipses stay live as recaps with a replay.
- [28 August 2026 partial lunar eclipse](https://orbitalradar.com/eclipse/2026-august-28-lunar): A deep (about 97%) partial lunar eclipse — near-blood-moon — with per-city visibility, local times, Moon altitude and moonrise/moonset; naked-eye safe.
- [2 August 2027 total solar eclipse](https://orbitalradar.com/eclipse/2027-august-2): The flagship: over six minutes of totality near Luxor — the longest on land until 2114 — with the path across southern Spain (Cádiz, Málaga, Gibraltar), Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt and Saudi Arabia; per-city contact times, the path-of-totality map, a live view from your location and reminders.
- [12 August 2026 total solar eclipse (recap)](https://orbitalradar.com/eclipse/2026-august-12): What happened on the first total solar eclipse over mainland Europe since 1999 — per-city contact times across Iceland, northern Spain, the UK and Ireland, the path-of-totality map and a replay of the live view.
- [Launch schedule](https://orbitalradar.com/launch-schedule): Live rocket launch schedule — next-launch countdown, official webcast, real & simulated flight telemetry and satellite pass predictions for every launch worldwide.
- [Long March rocket family](https://orbitalradar.com/launch-vehicles/long-march): China's rocket dynasty — every Long March launch since 1970 with live totals, launch cadence, reliability record (all-time and last-50), a to-scale family lineup and per-variant flight counts, all recomputed after every launch.
- [Groundlink](https://orbitalradar.com/groundlink): Azimuth, elevation & range (AER) look-angle reports from any point on Earth — enter a place name, coordinates, MGRS/UTM grid reference, ICAO airport code or Maidenhead grid square — to any tracked satellite or whole GNSS constellation, past, live or future, with access windows, GNSS DOP (GDOP/PDOP/HDOP), range-rate/Doppler and CSV/JSON export. The report format professionals know from STK-style access reports, free in the browser.
- [Space Situational Awareness hub](https://orbitalradar.com/space-situational-awareness): What SSA is, in plain English, plus Orbital Radar's free SSA toolkit — Orbital Eye (live SSA dashboard), Satellite Eye (imaging-satellite overpasses for any location), Groundlink (look-angle/access reports), the Satellite Maneuver Tracker (live orbit-change detection), Re-entry Tracker, Space Debris Map and close-approach conjunction screening — with live counts of tracked objects, active satellites, debris, current Kp, upcoming re-entries and maneuvers detected in the last 24 hours.
- [Embeddable widgets](https://orbitalradar.com/widgets): Free embeddable versions of Orbital Radar's live trackers for any website — ISS, Starlink, Tiangong, Hubble, JWST, GPS, Galileo, OneWeb and Amazon Leo trackers, launch schedule, re-entry tracker, space debris map, live satellite count and a lightweight count badge — each added with a single iframe snippet, no API key, attribution built in.

## Tonight's sky
- [Meteor tracker](https://orbitalradar.com/meteor-tracker): Live map of your own night sky for any town, with the meteor showers active tonight, the best time to watch, meteors an hour from a dark site, a suburb or a city, where to look, tonight's best time in cities around the world, real satellite passes, and each major shower's peak night.
- [Orionid meteor shower](https://orbitalradar.com/meteor-showers/orionids): The Orionids from Halley's comet: the peak night, the best time and meteors an hour for your town and for cities around the world, where to look, and what the Moon will do.
- [Leonid meteor shower](https://orbitalradar.com/meteor-showers/leonids): The Leonids from comet Tempel–Tuttle, famous for their storms: the peak night, the best time and meteors an hour for your town and for cities around the world, where to look, and what the Moon will do.
- [Geminid meteor shower](https://orbitalradar.com/meteor-showers/geminids): The Geminids from 3200 Phaethon, the strongest shower of the year: the peak night, the best time and meteors an hour for your town and for cities around the world, where to look, and what the Moon will do.
- [How to see the ISS tonight](https://orbitalradar.com/how-to-see-iss-tonight): Step-by-step guide to spotting the ISS, with pass times for your location.
- [How to see Starlink tonight](https://orbitalradar.com/how-to-see-starlink-tonight): When and where to see Starlink trains, with upcoming pass windows.
- [Brightest satellites](https://orbitalradar.com/brightest-satellites): The brightest objects crossing the night sky, ranked, and how to tell them apart.
- [How to photograph satellites](https://orbitalradar.com/how-to-photograph-satellites): Camera settings and technique for satellite trails and ISS passes.
- [Iridium flares](https://orbitalradar.com/iridium-flares): What the legendary Iridium flares were and why they ended.

## Space debris, re-entries & orbital events
- [What is space debris?](https://orbitalradar.com/what-is-space-debris): Where orbital debris comes from and why it matters.
- [Kessler syndrome](https://orbitalradar.com/kessler-syndrome): The runaway-collision scenario explained, and how close today's orbits are to it.
- [Who tracks space debris](https://orbitalradar.com/who-tracks-space-debris): The organisations, radars and telescopes that maintain the catalogue of objects in orbit.
- [Active debris removal](https://orbitalradar.com/active-debris-removal): Missions and methods for taking debris out of orbit.
- [Space sustainability](https://orbitalradar.com/space-sustainability): Keeping orbits usable: mitigation rules, mega-constellation pressure and best practice.
- [What happens when satellites re-enter](https://orbitalradar.com/what-happens-when-satellites-reenter): Burn-up, survivability and where re-entries land.
- [What is orbital decay](https://orbitalradar.com/what-is-orbital-decay): Why orbits shrink and what accelerates the process.
- [Graveyard orbits](https://orbitalradar.com/what-is-a-graveyard-orbit): Where retired GEO satellites are sent, and why.
- [What is a conjunction](https://orbitalradar.com/what-is-a-conjunction): Close approaches between objects in orbit and how collision risk is screened.
- [2009 Iridium 33 / Cosmos 2251 collision](https://orbitalradar.com/events/cosmos-2251-iridium-33): The first accidental satellite-to-satellite collision: what happened and the debris it left.
- [2007 Fengyun-1C anti-satellite test](https://orbitalradar.com/events/fengyun-1c-2007): The largest debris-generating event in history, with its fragments still tracked today.
- [2021 Kosmos-1408 anti-satellite test](https://orbitalradar.com/events/kosmos-1408-2021): The ASAT test that sent the ISS crew to shelter, and its debris cloud since.
- [2022 Starlink geomagnetic storm loss](https://orbitalradar.com/events/starlink-geomagnetic-storm-2022): The storm that brought down a freshly launched Starlink batch.
- [Intelsat 33e breakup](https://orbitalradar.com/events/intelsat-33e-breakup): The 2024 GEO satellite breakup and its tracked fragments.
- [Resurs-P1 breakup](https://orbitalradar.com/events/resurs-p1-breakup-2024): The 2024 LEO breakup event and its debris.
- [Chinese rocket re-entries](https://orbitalradar.com/events/chinese-rocket-reentries): The record of uncontrolled core-stage re-entries and where they came down.

## Satellites & orbits reference
- [What is a satellite?](https://orbitalradar.com/what-is-a-satellite): Types, orbits and what satellites do.
- [How are satellites tracked?](https://orbitalradar.com/how-satellites-are-tracked): Radars, telescopes and the surveillance network behind the orbital catalogue.
- [What is a TLE?](https://orbitalradar.com/what-is-a-tle): The two-line element set explained: epochs, elements and data freshness.
- [Types of orbits](https://orbitalradar.com/types-of-orbits): LEO, MEO, GEO, SSO and HEO compared, with altitudes and uses.
- [What is space situational awareness?](https://orbitalradar.com/what-is-space-situational-awareness): SSA explained in plain language.
- [GPS vs GLONASS vs Galileo vs BeiDou](https://orbitalradar.com/navigation-constellations): The four global navigation systems compared on accuracy, coverage and live counts.
- [Military and spy satellites](https://orbitalradar.com/military-satellites): Who operates what in military orbit, by country and mission type.
- [Starshield satellites](https://orbitalradar.com/starshield-satellites): Every launch carrying SpaceX's Starshield satellites, most of them for the US National Reconnaissance Office's proliferated constellation, with live counts launched and still in orbit, and why their positions are not published.
- [Anti-satellite weapons](https://orbitalradar.com/anti-satellite-weapons): ASAT tests and capabilities, country by country.
- [International Space Station](https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/international-space-station): The ISS profile: orbit, modules, crew and live position, with a module-by-module guide at https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/iss-modules.
- [ISS Modules](https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/iss-modules): Every pressurised module, truss segment and airlock on the International Space Station, with the agency, launch date, role and current age of each. Carries a live panel of which docking ports are occupied right now, by which vehicle and since when, plus live crew, altitude, speed and orbital period.
- [Tiangong](https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/tiangong): China's space station: modules, crews and live tracking, with the module guide at https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/css-modules.
- [Tiangong Modules](https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/css-modules): Every module on China's Tiangong space station — the Tianhe core and the Wentian and Mengtian laboratories — with mass, dimensions, launch dates, docking ports and experiment racks. Carries a live panel of which ports are occupied right now, plus live crew, altitude, speed and orbital period.
- [Hubble Space Telescope](https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/hubble-space-telescope): Profile and live orbit.
- [James Webb Space Telescope](https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/james-webb): Profile and live position at L2.
- [Gaofen](https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/gaofen): China's Earth-observation programme profiled.
- [GOES weather satellites](https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/goes-weather-satellites): The US geostationary weather fleet.
- [Landsat](https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/landsat): The longest-running Earth-observation programme.
- [Terra](https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/terra): NASA's flagship Earth-science satellite.
- [Vanguard 1](https://orbitalradar.com/satellites/vanguard-1): The oldest human-made object still in orbit.

## Missions & human spaceflight
- [Space missions hub](https://orbitalradar.com/missions): Mission history from Vostok to Artemis, with a page per programme: https://orbitalradar.com/missions/apollo, https://orbitalradar.com/missions/artemis, https://orbitalradar.com/missions/gemini, https://orbitalradar.com/missions/mercury, https://orbitalradar.com/missions/vostok-voskhod, https://orbitalradar.com/missions/skylab, https://orbitalradar.com/missions/mir, https://orbitalradar.com/missions/space-shuttle, https://orbitalradar.com/missions/iss-assembly, https://orbitalradar.com/missions/commercial-crew, https://orbitalradar.com/missions/shenzhou, https://orbitalradar.com/missions/polaris, https://orbitalradar.com/missions/polaris-dawn, https://orbitalradar.com/missions/voyager, https://orbitalradar.com/missions/deep-space, https://orbitalradar.com/missions/lunar-exploration, https://orbitalradar.com/missions/space-tourism.
- [Human spaceflight](https://orbitalradar.com/human-spaceflight): Hub for crews, stations, crew vehicles and programmes, with a live count of who is in orbit.
- [Astronaut directory](https://orbitalradar.com/human-spaceflight/astronauts): Everyone who has been to space, broken down by country and agency, with spaceflight records and a live in-orbit crew count. Explains why published totals differ between the 80 km and 100 km boundaries.
- [Every ISS expedition](https://orbitalradar.com/human-spaceflight/nasa-expeditions): Commanders, crew sizes, dates and milestones for every ISS expedition from Expedition 1 in 2000 onwards, with the current expedition updated live at each change of command. Expeditions before 2020 are grouped by era rather than listed individually.
- [Space stations](https://orbitalradar.com/space-stations): Every space station past, present and planned.
- [Commercial space stations](https://orbitalradar.com/space-stations/commercial): The post-ISS commercial stations compared: status, timelines and crew capacity.
- [Spacesuits](https://orbitalradar.com/spacesuits): Every spacesuit humans have worn in space, grouped as spacewalk (EVA) suits and launch and entry (IVA) suits: what each is called, what it weighs, how long it lasts and what it costs, with answers on eating, drinking and what astronauts wear underneath.
- [NASA EMU](https://orbitalradar.com/spacesuits/emu): NASA's ISS spacewalk suit since 1983: specifications, weight, the ageing fleet, the helmet water leaks and its planned successor.
- [Axiom AxEMU](https://orbitalradar.com/spacesuits/axemu): NASA's next spacewalk suit, built by Axiom Space with Prada for the ISS and the Artemis Moon landings: status, specifications and contracts.
- [SpaceX suits](https://orbitalradar.com/spacesuits/spacex-iva-suit): The Crew Dragon launch and entry suit worn on every crewed Dragon flight, and the EVA version used for the first commercial spacewalk: https://orbitalradar.com/spacesuits/spacex-eva-suit.
- [Orlan](https://orbitalradar.com/spacesuits/orlan): Russia's rear-entry spacewalk suit since 1977, and how it compares with NASA's EMU.
- [Feitian](https://orbitalradar.com/spacesuits/feitian): China's spacewalk suit for the Tiangong station, the record-setting spacewalk of December 2024 and China's Wangyu lunar suit.
- [Sokol](https://orbitalradar.com/spacesuits/sokol): The Soyuz launch and entry suit worn by every Soyuz crew since 1973, including NASA astronauts on seat-swap flights.
- [Orion suit (OCSS)](https://orbitalradar.com/spacesuits/orion-suit): The orange launch and re-entry suit Artemis crews wear inside Orion, first flown with a crew on Artemis II in April 2026: what it does in a cabin leak, eating and drinking through the helmet, and who makes it.
- [List of spacesuits](https://orbitalradar.com/spacesuits/comparison): Every spacesuit worn in space since 1961 (type, country, maker, mass, first and last flight, live spacewalk counts), with a compare-two view and the suits still in development, plus the Apollo Moon suit at https://orbitalradar.com/spacesuits/apollo, Boeing's Starliner suit at https://orbitalradar.com/spacesuits/starliner-suit, the cancelled Collins suit at https://orbitalradar.com/spacesuits/collins-xevas, how spacesuits work at https://orbitalradar.com/spacesuits/how-spacesuits-work and the full history at https://orbitalradar.com/spacesuits/history.
- [SpaceX recovery fleet](https://orbitalradar.com/recovery-fleet): The drone ships and support vessels profiled, with a page per ship: https://orbitalradar.com/recovery-fleet/of-course-i-still-love-you, https://orbitalradar.com/recovery-fleet/just-read-the-instructions, https://orbitalradar.com/recovery-fleet/a-shortfall-of-gravitas, https://orbitalradar.com/recovery-fleet/octagrabber, https://orbitalradar.com/recovery-fleet/bob, https://orbitalradar.com/recovery-fleet/doug, https://orbitalradar.com/recovery-fleet/megan, https://orbitalradar.com/recovery-fleet/shannon, https://orbitalradar.com/recovery-fleet/finn-falgout, https://orbitalradar.com/recovery-fleet/phobos-deimos, https://orbitalradar.com/recovery-fleet/return-on-investment, https://orbitalradar.com/recovery-fleet/you-ll-thank-me-later.

## Mars & rovers
- [Mars rovers hub](https://orbitalradar.com/mars-rovers): Every Mars rover with live mission status, and a page per rover: https://orbitalradar.com/mars-rovers/perseverance, https://orbitalradar.com/mars-rovers/curiosity, https://orbitalradar.com/mars-rovers/opportunity, https://orbitalradar.com/mars-rovers/spirit, https://orbitalradar.com/mars-rovers/sojourner, https://orbitalradar.com/mars-rovers/zhurong.
- [Rover comparison](https://orbitalradar.com/mars-rovers/comparison): All rovers side by side: size, instruments and distance driven.
- [How rovers work](https://orbitalradar.com/mars-rovers/how-rovers-work): Power, driving, autonomy and communication.
- [Mars exploration timeline](https://orbitalradar.com/mars-rovers/mars-timeline): Every Mars mission attempt since 1960.
- [Mars sample return](https://orbitalradar.com/mars-rovers/mars-sample-return): The plan to bring the collected samples home.
- [Rover photo gallery](https://orbitalradar.com/mars-rovers/photos): Selected images from the Martian surface.
- [Lunar rovers](https://orbitalradar.com/mars-rovers/lunar-rovers): Moon rovers from the first tracks to Artemis plans.

## Space law & policy
- [Who regulates space?](https://orbitalradar.com/regulatory/who-regulates-space): Licensing, spectrum and liability: how space activity is governed.
- [The Outer Space Treaty](https://orbitalradar.com/regulatory/outer-space-treaty): The 1967 treaty explained: what it allows, bans and leaves open.
- [Debris mitigation guidelines](https://orbitalradar.com/regulatory/space-debris-mitigation-guidelines): The rules for minimising new orbital debris.

## Orbital Register: the satellite re-entry register

- [Orbital Register](https://orbitalradar.com/register): the permanent public record of every human-made object whose flight has ended since 1957 (35,719 entries: 8,194 spacecraft, 4,494 rocket bodies, 22,721 fragments). Each entry has a permanent, citable number in the form YYYY-NNNN, e.g. [Orbital Register entry no. 2001-0089](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2001-0089) (Mir).
- [Standards of the Register](https://orbitalradar.com/register/standards): what an entry records, how dates and entry numbers work, how corrections are published, and how to cite the register.
- [Corrections to the register](https://orbitalradar.com/register/corrections): every change made to a published entry, newest first (46 corrections).
- Year pages, every entry for one year: [1959](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1959), [1960](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1960), [1961](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1961), [1962](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1962), [1963](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1963), [1964](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1964), [1965](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1965), [1966](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1966), [1967](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1967), [1968](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1968), [1969](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1969), [1970](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1970), [1971](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1971), [1972](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1972), [1973](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1973), [1974](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1974), [1975](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1975), [1976](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1976), [1977](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1977), [1978](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1978), [1979](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1979), [1980](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1980), [1981](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1981), [1982](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1982), [1983](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1983), [1984](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1984), [1985](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1985), [1986](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1986), [1987](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1987), [1988](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1988), [1989](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1989), [1990](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1990), [1991](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1991), [1992](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1992), [1993](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1993), [1994](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1994), [1995](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1995), [1996](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1996), [1997](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1997), [1998](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1998), [1999](https://orbitalradar.com/register/1999), [2000](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2000), [2001](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2001), [2002](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2002), [2003](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2003), [2004](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2004), [2005](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2005), [2006](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2006), [2007](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2007), [2008](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2008), [2009](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2009), [2010](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2010), [2011](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2011), [2012](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2012), [2013](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2013), [2014](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2014), [2015](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2015), [2016](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2016), [2017](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2017), [2018](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2018), [2019](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2019), [2020](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2020), [2021](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2021), [2022](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2022), [2023](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2023), [2024](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2024), [2025](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2025), [2026](https://orbitalradar.com/register/2026).
- Break-ups and other large fragment groups, fragments grouped by the object they came from: [Cosmos 1408](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/cosmos-1408), [Fengyun-1C](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/fengyun-1c), [Cosmos 2251](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/cosmos-2251), [Pegasus](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/pegasus-1994-029), [Iridium 33](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/iridium-33), [Cosmos 2421](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/cosmos-2421), [Ariane 1](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/ariane-1-1986-019), [Titan 3C Transtage](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/titan-3c-transtage-1965-082), [PSLV](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/pslv-2001-049), [Mir](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/mir), [Solwind](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/solwind), [Cosmos 844](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/cosmos-844), [CZ-4](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/cz-4-1999-057), [Thorad Agena D](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/thorad-agena-d-1969-082), [Delta 1](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/delta-1-1972-058), [Salyut 7](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/salyut-7), [Cosmos 554](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/cosmos-554), [Cosmos 1813](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/cosmos-1813), [Cosmos 1461](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/cosmos-1461-1983-044), [CZ-6A](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/cz-6a-2022-151), [Thorad Agena D](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/thorad-agena-d-1970-025), [Resurs O1](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/resurs-o1-1994-074), [Delta 1](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/delta-1-1975-004), [USA 193](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/usa-193), [Fregat](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/fregat-2011-037), [Cosmos 57](https://orbitalradar.com/register/break-ups/cosmos-57).
- Cite an entry as "Orbital Register entry no. YYYY-NNNN" with its page address. Busiest year on record: 2022 (2,497 entries).

## Space glossary
- [Space glossary](https://orbitalradar.com/glossary): 197 space and orbital-mechanics terms defined in plain language — each with a concise definition, key facts, FAQs, cited primary sources and links to the relevant live trackers. Every term has its own page at https://orbitalradar.com/glossary/{term}.
- [Orbit Types](https://orbitalradar.com/glossary/orbit-types): LEO, MEO, GEO, HEO, SSO, GTO, Polar Orbit, Graveyard Orbit, Retrograde Orbit, Molniya Orbit, L-Points, Walker Constellation, Parking Orbit.
- [Orbital Elements](https://orbitalradar.com/glossary/orbital-elements): Inclination, RAAN, Eccentricity, Apogee & Perigee, Epoch, Mean Motion, Orbital Period, Semi-Major Axis, Argument of Perigee, Mean Anomaly, True Anomaly.
- [Tracking & Space Surveillance](https://orbitalradar.com/glossary/tracking-ssa): TLE, NORAD ID, Space Fence, SGP4, COSPAR ID, SSA, Ephemeris, RCS, Space-Track, DSN, Twilight, Elevation Angle, Apparent Magnitude, Earth's Shadow, Sky Arc, Alpha-5, Elset, State Vector, Covariance, UCT, Cross-Tagging, Analyst Object, Ground Station, Starlink Train, Satellite Flare, Iridium Flare, Satellite Streak, Satellite Transit, Transit Corridor, Angular Diameter, Position Angle, Appulse.
- [Manoeuvres & Propulsion](https://orbitalradar.com/glossary/manoeuvres): Delta-V, COLA, Hohmann Transfer, Orbit Raising, Deorbit, Station-Keeping, Gravity Assist, Specific Impulse, Chemical Propulsion, Electric Propulsion, Escape Velocity, Hall-Effect Thruster, Orbital Phasing, Plane Change.
- [Debris & Space Safety](https://orbitalradar.com/glossary/debris-safety): Conjunction Assessment, Kessler Syndrome, Passivation, 25-Year Rule, Orbital Decay, ADR, Fragmentation Event, Space Debris, ASAT, Controlled Re-entry, Casualty Expectation, CDM, Pc, TCA, Screening Volume, Hard-Body Radius, Debris Cloud, Whipple Shield, Protected Regions.
- [Spacecraft Systems](https://orbitalradar.com/glossary/spacecraft-systems): Satellite Bus, Payload, Transponder, Attitude Control, Reaction Wheel, Star Tracker, Solar Array, TT&C, Thermal Control, Power Subsystem, C&DH, Magnetorquer, Momentum Wheel, Sun Sensor, Earth Sensor, Antenna Gain, CubeSat, Ion Thruster, TT&C, Uplink, Downlink.
- [Launch & Ascent](https://orbitalradar.com/glossary/launch-ops): Launch Window, Orbital Insertion, Payload Fairing, Staging, Launch Azimuth, Max-Q, MECO, Payload Capacity, Direct Insertion, Dog-Leg, Reusable Rocket, Launch Cost, Rideshare Mission, Suborbital Flight, Static Fire, Hot Staging, Droneship Landing, Boostback Burn.
- [Space Environment](https://orbitalradar.com/glossary/space-environment): Kp Index, Van Allen Belts, SAA, CME, F10.7 Index, Geomagnetic Storm, Aurora, Solar Flare, Solar Cycle, Solar Wind, Dst Index, NOAA Scales, Sunspot Number.
- [Policy & Regulation](https://orbitalradar.com/glossary/regulations): Outer Space Treaty, COPUOS, ITU, Orbital Slot, Liability Convention, Registration Convention, Spectrum Allocation, Debris Mitigation Guidelines, Artemis Accords.
- [Navigation & Timing](https://orbitalradar.com/glossary/navigation-timing): GPS, GNSS, Atomic Clock, Pseudorange, DOP, PNT, GPS Spoofing, BeiDou.
- [Earth Observation](https://orbitalradar.com/glossary/earth-observation): SAR, Multispectral Imaging, GSD, Revisit Time, Swath Width, Remote Sensing.
- [Amateur Radio & Satellites](https://orbitalradar.com/glossary/amateur-radio): Doppler Shift, APRS, SSTV, Maidenhead Grid, Satellite Pass.
- [Deep Space & Astrophysics](https://orbitalradar.com/glossary/deep-space-astro): L2, Exoplanet, Biosignature, Habitable Zone, Light-Year, Kardashev Scale.
- [Human Spaceflight](https://orbitalradar.com/glossary/human-spaceflight): EVA, Kármán Line, Space Station, Microgravity, Space Tourism, Re-entry, Splashdown, Tiangong.
- [Satellite Internet & Mega-Constellations](https://orbitalradar.com/glossary/satellite-internet): Starlink, Mega-Constellation, Direct-to-Cell, Ka-Band, Laser Inter-Satellite Link, Orbital Shell, Satellite Train, Qianfan, Guowang, Gateway Station, User Terminal.
- [Planetary Science & Exploration](https://orbitalradar.com/glossary/planetary-science): Mars Rover, NEO, Meteor / Meteorite.

## Analysis & explainers
- [Space News & Analysis](https://orbitalradar.com/blog): Daily briefings, launch reports, orbital-event analysis and reference explainers, all grounded in Orbital Radar's live tracking data. Feed: https://orbitalradar.com/api/blog/rss
- [How Many Satellites Reentered This Year? 2026 by the Numbers](https://orbitalradar.com/blog/satellite-reentries-this-year)
- [Sun-Synchronous Orbit: How Satellites Keep Consistent Light](https://orbitalradar.com/blog/sun-synchronous-orbit-explained)
- [How Long Does It Take to Get to the ISS? Hours to Days](https://orbitalradar.com/blog/how-long-to-get-to-the-iss)
- [Why Is Landing on Mars So Hard?](https://orbitalradar.com/blog/why-is-landing-on-mars-so-hard)
- [NASA vs ESA vs CNSA: How the Space Agencies Compare](https://orbitalradar.com/blog/nasa-vs-esa-vs-cnsa-compared)
- [Why Does the ISS Need to Be Reboosted?](https://orbitalradar.com/blog/why-does-the-iss-need-reboosting)
- [2026 Total Solar Eclipse: Track Its Path and Legacy](https://orbitalradar.com/blog/total-solar-eclipse-2026-live-tracker)
- [How Many Satellites in Orbit? Counts, Types and Tracking](https://orbitalradar.com/blog/satellites-in-orbit-count-explainer)

## Learn — Orbital Academy
- [Space coloring pages for kids](https://orbitalradar.com/academy/junior/coloring-pages): Free printable coloring pages starring Orby, the Academy's Earth mascot. US Letter and A4 PDFs, no sign-in, each tied to a short video lesson for ages 5 to 10.
- [Orbital Academy](https://orbitalradar.com/academy): Free interactive space training built around live tracking context — 14 tracks, 84 slide-deck lessons from beginner to intermediate. No ads, no paywalls; a free account saves progress.
- [Orbit Basics](https://orbitalradar.com/academy/orbit-basics): LEO vs MEO vs GEO, inclination, orbital periods, eccentricity and the altitude–speed relationship.
- [Space Weather](https://orbitalradar.com/academy/space-weather): Solar wind, CMEs, geomagnetic storms and how space weather affects satellites, power grids and GPS.
- [Debris & Re-entry](https://orbitalradar.com/academy/debris): What counts as debris, conjunction events, re-entry prediction and Kessler syndrome.
- [Tracking & TLEs](https://orbitalradar.com/academy/tracking-data): TLE format, epoch freshness, SGP4 propagation and the NORAD catalogue.
- [Ground Tracks & Coverage](https://orbitalradar.com/academy/ground-tracks): How orbits project onto Earth, revisit geometry, coverage footprints and sun-synchronous orbits.
- [Constellations & Orbits in Practice](https://orbitalradar.com/academy/constellations): Orbital shells, phasing, station-keeping and mega-constellation SSA challenges.
- [Launch to Orbit](https://orbitalradar.com/academy/launch-to-orbit): Why launch is about speed not height, inclination vs launch site, parking orbits and plane changes.
- [Orbital Maneuvers & Station-Keeping](https://orbitalradar.com/academy/maneuvers): Hohmann transfers, raising and lowering orbits, GEO station-keeping and deorbits.
- [Conjunctions & Collision Avoidance](https://orbitalradar.com/academy/conjunctions): Close-approach screening, miss distance vs uncertainty, collision probability and CDMs.
- [Satellite Missions 101](https://orbitalradar.com/academy/missions-101): Mission types and how to read what a satellite does from its orbit.
- [Re-entry Deep Dive](https://orbitalradar.com/academy/reentry-2): Why re-entry predictions shift, breakup and survivability, corridors, controlled vs uncontrolled.
- [Reading the Globe](https://orbitalradar.com/academy/reading-the-globe): How to read the live tracker — object types, data panels, filters and pass predictions.
- [Space Sustainability & Policy](https://orbitalradar.com/academy/space-sustainability): Debris mitigation, active debris removal, space traffic management and regulation.
- [Satellite Internet Deep Dive](https://orbitalradar.com/academy/satellite-internet): How satellite internet works — Starlink architecture, latency vs altitude, coverage and astronomy impact.

## About Orbital Radar
- [Our mission](https://orbitalradar.com/our-mission): What Orbital Radar is, who it serves, and its independently verified citation record.
- [Partner with Orbital Radar](https://orbitalradar.com/partner): Sponsorship and partnership opportunities: reach a global, professional audience of space enthusiasts, researchers, newsrooms and industry.
- [Press](https://orbitalradar.com/press): Media resources and coverage.

## Data sources & methodology
- [Data sources](https://orbitalradar.com/data-sources): Where Orbital Radar's figures come from and how they are computed.

## Independent citations
- [Who cites Orbital Radar](https://orbitalradar.com/cited-by): more than 280 verified third-party citations of Orbital Radar, with 260 listed on the page, each linked to its source. Citing organisations include the BBC, CNN, CNBC, Forbes, the Financial Times, NBC News, Bloomberg Opinion, Smithsonian Magazine, Axios, The Times and UPI (media); CSIS, the Atlantic Council, the American Enterprise Institute, McKinsey, KPMG, Ookla and the European Space Agency's eoPortal (institutions and industry bodies); Morgan Stanley, BlackRock, iShares, Nasdaq, S&P Global, WisdomTree and Weiss Ratings (investment research); and peer-reviewed and doctoral work including the AIAA Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, HEC Paris, SSRN and The Conversation. 213 of the 260 listed link directly to an Orbital Radar page. Last revised 10 October 2026.