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Home Academy Orbit Basics LEO vs MEO vs GEO
LESSON 01 OF 6

LEO vs MEO vs GEO

Beginner ~6 min Slide deck Free

Think of orbital regimes as floors in a building: each floor has different tradeoffs in coverage, speed, latency, and drag. Knowing which floor a satellite occupies tells you a lot about what it's doing before you know anything else.

Think of orbital regimes as floors in a building: each floor has different tradeoffs in coverage, speed, latency, and drag. Knowing which floor a satellite occupies tells you a lot about what it's doing before you know anything else.

What this lesson covers

LEO: Low Earth Orbit

Roughly 160–2,000 km altitude. The most populated region of orbital space — and the most dynamic.

MEO: Medium Earth Orbit

Roughly 2,000–35,786 km. Sparsely populated but critically important — this is where global navigation lives.

GEO: Geostationary Orbit

Exactly 35,786 km above the equator. The altitude where orbital period matches Earth's rotation — one orbit per sidereal day.

SSO: The Special Case

Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO) is a subset of LEO — but its behaviour is distinct enough to deserve separate treatment.

Key facts

💡Over 70% of all active satellites and over 85% of tracked debris objects are in LEO. It is by far the most congested orbital regime.
💡A GPS satellite's orbit is specifically tuned so its period is exactly half a sidereal day — its ground track repeats daily, giving receivers predictable geometry.
💡The GEO belt is a finite, one-dimensional resource: there is only one altitude that works, and only so many longitude slots before interference becomes unmanageable.
Orbit regime is the fastest context clue for any tracked object's mission.

Equatorial at 35,786 km = comms or weather. SSO at 500 km = Earth observation. 20,000 km inclined = navigation. These heuristics won't catch everything — but they're right the vast majority of the time, and they're readable directly from a single TLE.

All lessons in Orbit Basics
01LEO vs MEO vs GEO~6 min02Inclination & Ground Tracks~6 min03Orbital Periods (why speed changes)~6 min04Eccentricity (circles vs ellipses)~5 min05Altitude vs Speed (the counterintuitive truth)~6 min06Why GEO "hangs" over one longitude~6 min
All 6 LessonsInclination & Ground Tracks →
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