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Home Academy Satellite Internet Deep Dive Starlink architecture: shells, lasers, ground stations
LESSON 02 OF 6

Starlink architecture: shells, lasers, ground stations

Beginner ~9 min Slide deck Free

Starlink isn't one constellation — it's several overlapping shells of satellites at different altitudes and inclinations, designed to blanket Earth in continuous broadband coverage. Understanding the architecture explains both its strengths and its limitations.

Starlink isn't one constellation — it's several overlapping shells of satellites at different altitudes and inclinations, designed to blanket Earth in continuous broadband coverage. Understanding the architecture explains both its strengths and its limitations.

What this lesson covers

Starlink by the Numbers

The first-generation constellation was authorised for 4,408 satellites. Gen2 approval covers up to 30,000. SpaceX launches batches of 20–60 satellites on a single Falcon 9, deploying a new batch roughly every 5 days.

The Shell Architecture

Each shell operates at a specific altitude and inclination, optimised for different coverage zones.

Laser Inter-Satellite Links

Newer Starlink satellites communicate with each other via lasers — reducing dependence on ground stations.

Ground Stations and Gateways

Even with laser links, signals must eventually reach terrestrial internet infrastructure.

Key facts

💡You can see the shell structure clearly on Orbital Radar — filter to Starlink and zoom out.
Starlink is a multi-shell, laser-linked orbital network — not just a swarm of satellites. The architecture is the product.

Next: how does Starlink compare to its competitors — OneWeb and Amazon Kuiper?

All lessons in Satellite Internet Deep Dive
01How satellite internet works (vs fibre/5G)~8 min02Starlink architecture: shells, lasers, ground stations~9 min03OneWeb vs Starlink vs Amazon Kuiper~9 min04Latency, bandwidth, and the altitude tradeoff~9 min05Coverage gaps and polar coverage~8 min06Dark sky concerns and astronomy impact~9 min
← How satellite internet works (vs fibre/5G)All 6 LessonsOneWeb vs Starlink vs Amazon Kuiper →
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