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Mean Motion

Quick answer

Mean motion is how many orbits a satellite completes per day — the inverse way of stating its period. A TLE's mean motion of 15.5 rev/day means a ~93-minute orbit. Because period follows from orbit size, mean motion also encodes altitude: bigger numbers mean lower orbits.

📘 Full definition✓ Reviewed 2026-09-07
Mean motion (n) is a satellite's orbital frequency, conventionally expressed in revolutions per day. It is the reciprocal of the orbital period and, through Kepler's third law, a direct readout of the orbit's semi-major axis: the larger the orbit, the slower the mean motion. The quantity anchors the TLE format — the final field of line 2 carries mean motion to eight decimal places, and propagators like SGP4 convert it back into orbit size when computing positions. Reading it is a tracker's reflex: ~16 rev/day is a very low orbit near 400 km and falling; 15.5 is ISS territory; 14–15 covers most LEO constellations; ~2 signals a 12-hour navigation or Molniya orbit; and 1.0027 — one revolution per sidereal day — is the geostationary signature. The TLE also carries mean motion's first derivative, a drag-driven acceleration term whose growth flags an orbit beginning to decay.
ISS
15.5 rev/day
GEO
1.0 rev/day
GPS
2.0 rev/day
Period Formula
1440 / n (minutes)

Understanding Mean Motion

From revolutions to altitude

Kepler's third law makes the conversion mechanical: period squared scales with semi-major axis cubed. A mean motion of 15.5 rev/day is a 92.9-minute period, which solves to a ~6,800 km semi-major axis — about 420 km altitude. This is how tracking software turns the plain numbers of a TLE into the geometry it propagates, and why two satellites with matching mean motion necessarily share the same orbit size regardless of shape or tilt.

The drag terms beside it

A TLE pairs mean motion with its first time-derivative (and a rarely used second): the rate at which revolutions per day are increasing. For a stable high orbit the derivative sits near zero; for a satellite in the thickening air below 400 km it grows steadily, and re-entry prediction is substantially the art of extrapolating that acceleration through an atmosphere that swells and shrinks with solar activity.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Because real satellites speed up and slow down around an elliptical orbit. Mean motion is the constant angular rate of an imaginary satellite completing the same orbit in the same period — the averaged rate that underpins the mean anomaly used in propagation.
The orbit is shrinking. As drag lowers a satellite, the period shortens and revolutions per day climb — watching mean motion creep from 15.5 toward 16.2 over months is watching a re-entry approach in slow motion.
Because the reference day is the sidereal day — Earth's 23 h 56 m rotation relative to the stars — not the 24-hour solar day. One orbit per sidereal day works out to 1.0027 revolutions per solar day, the value you'll see in every GEO satellite's TLE.

Sources & References

Definitions are reviewed against primary sources. Last reviewed: 2026-09-07.