YAOGAN 12

YAOGAN 12 is an active satellite operated by Chinese Ministry of National Defense (China), launched on 2011-11-09 from Taiyuan, China. After 15 years in orbit, it continues to be tracked by global surveillance networks. It orbits in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at altitudes between 480 km and 492 km with an inclination of 97.1°. It travels at approximately 27,448 km/h (7.62 km/s), completing one full orbit every 94 minutes — that’s roughly 15.27 orbits per day. Its near-polar, sun-synchronous orbit means it passes over any given point on Earth at approximately the same local solar time, ideal for consistent Earth observation lighting conditions. Its near-circular orbit (eccentricity close to zero) means it maintains a very consistent altitude throughout each revolution. At its current altitude, the estimated orbital lifetime before atmospheric re-entry is ~1–3 years. Orbital Radar tracks YAOGAN 12 in real time using the latest two-line element set (TLE) data, providing live position, altitude, speed and orbital path updated continuously.

YAOGAN 12 orbits at an average altitude of 486 km in a sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), a specialised subset of LEO where the orbital plane precesses to maintain a constant angle relative to the Sun. This provides consistent lighting conditions on every pass — essential for Earth observation, weather monitoring and environmental science. Within ±50 km of YAOGAN 12’s average altitude, there are currently 8,090 active payloads and 228 tracked debris or rocket body fragments — notable neighbours include STARLINK-1017, STARLINK-1039, STARLINK-1047. This makes it one of the more crowded altitude bands, containing roughly 46.4% of all active satellites. With an inclination of 97.1°, YAOGAN 12 passes over latitudes between 97.1°N and 97.1°S, providing near-global coverage including the polar regions. Polar and near-polar orbits are used for reconnaissance, weather monitoring and Earth-observation missions that need to image every part of the planet. China operates approximately 1,218 active satellites in total, of which 188 share a similar altitude band with YAOGAN 12.