AQUA

AQUA is an active satellite operated by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) - Earth Science Enterprise/Japan Meteorological Agency/Brazilian Space Agency (United States), launched on 2002-05-04 from Vandenberg SFB, California. With over 24 years in orbit, it has far exceeded many satellites’ design lifetimes. It orbits in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at altitudes between 685 km and 687 km with an inclination of 98.4°. It travels at approximately 27,056 km/h (7.52 km/s), completing one full orbit every 98 minutes — that’s roughly 14.62 orbits per day. Its near-polar, sun-synchronous orbit means it passes over any given point on Earth at approximately the same local solar time, ideal for consistent Earth observation lighting conditions. Its near-circular orbit (eccentricity close to zero) means it maintains a very consistent altitude throughout each revolution. At its current altitude, the estimated orbital lifetime before atmospheric re-entry is ~10–25 years. Orbital Radar tracks AQUA in real time using the latest two-line element set (TLE) data, providing live position, altitude, speed and orbital path updated continuously.

AQUA orbits at an average altitude of 686 km in a sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), a specialised subset of LEO where the orbital plane precesses to maintain a constant angle relative to the Sun. This provides consistent lighting conditions on every pass — essential for Earth observation, weather monitoring and environmental science. Within ±50 km of AQUA’s average altitude, there are currently 314 active payloads and 1,312 tracked debris or rocket body fragments — notable neighbours include TERRA, LANDSAT 9. With an inclination of 98.4°, AQUA passes over latitudes between 98.4°N and 98.4°S, providing near-global coverage including the polar regions. Polar and near-polar orbits are used for reconnaissance, weather monitoring and Earth-observation missions that need to image every part of the planet. United States operates approximately 12,360 active satellites in total, of which 72 share a similar altitude band with AQUA.