SL-19 DEB

SL-19 DEB is a tracked piece of space debris attributed to Russia (CIS), launched on 1994-12-26 from Baikonur, Kazakhstan on the Radio-ROSTO launch. With over 32 years in orbit, it has far exceeded many satellites’ design lifetimes. It orbits in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) at altitudes between 1,834 km and 2,138 km with an inclination of 65.0°. It travels at approximately 24,863 km/h (6.91 km/s), completing one full orbit every 2 hours 7 minutes — that’s roughly 11.35 orbits per day. At its current altitude, the estimated orbital lifetime before atmospheric re-entry is thousands of years. As orbital debris, SL-19 DEB poses a potential collision risk to operational satellites in nearby orbits and is continuously monitored by the U.S. Space Surveillance Network and other tracking systems.

SL-19 DEB orbits at an average altitude of 1,986 km in Medium Earth Orbit, the region between LEO and GEO (2,000–35,786 km). MEO’s higher altitude gives each satellite a much larger ground footprint than LEO, meaning fewer spacecraft are needed for global coverage — but signal latency is higher and radiation from the Van Allen belts is a significant design constraint. Within ±50 km of SL-19 DEB’s average altitude, there are currently 8 active payloads and 23 tracked debris or rocket body fragments. This is a relatively sparse altitude band, containing less than 1% of all active satellites. With an inclination of 65.0°, SL-19 DEB passes over latitudes between 65.0°N and 65.0°S, covering most populated land masses in both hemispheres. This mid-inclination band balances global coverage with efficient launch energy requirements. Russia (CIS) operates approximately 1,285 active satellites in total, of which 2 share a similar altitude band with SL-19 DEB.