DMSP 5D-2 F13 (USA 109)

DMSP 5D-2 F13 (USA 109) is an active satellite operated by United States, launched on 1995-03-24 from Vandenberg SFB, California. With over 31 years in orbit, it has far exceeded many satellites’ design lifetimes. It orbits in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at altitudes between 830 km and 841 km with an inclination of 98.8°. It travels at approximately 26,774 km/h (7.44 km/s), completing one full orbit every 102 minutes — that’s roughly 14.17 orbits per day. Its near-polar, sun-synchronous orbit means it passes over any given point on Earth at approximately the same local solar time, ideal for consistent Earth observation lighting conditions. Its near-circular orbit (eccentricity close to zero) means it maintains a very consistent altitude throughout each revolution. At its current altitude, the estimated orbital lifetime before atmospheric re-entry is ~100–500 years. Orbital Radar tracks DMSP 5D-2 F13 (USA 109) in real time using the latest two-line element set (TLE) data, providing live position, altitude, speed and orbital path updated continuously.

DMSP 5D-2 F13 (USA 109) orbits at an average altitude of 836 km in a sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), a specialised subset of LEO where the orbital plane precesses to maintain a constant angle relative to the Sun. This provides consistent lighting conditions on every pass — essential for Earth observation, weather monitoring and environmental science. Within ±50 km of DMSP 5D-2 F13 (USA 109)’s average altitude, there are currently 267 active payloads and 2,183 tracked debris or rocket body fragments — notable neighbours include NOAA 20, ONEWEB-0179, ONEWEB-0455. With an inclination of 98.8°, DMSP 5D-2 F13 (USA 109) passes over latitudes between 98.8°N and 98.8°S, providing near-global coverage including the polar regions. Polar and near-polar orbits are used for reconnaissance, weather monitoring and Earth-observation missions that need to image every part of the planet. United States operates approximately 12,360 active satellites in total, of which 52 share a similar altitude band with DMSP 5D-2 F13 (USA 109).