ARIANE 2 R/B

ARIANE 2 R/B is a spent rocket body associated with France, launched on 1988-10-28 from Guiana Space Centre, French Guiana on the TDF 1 launch. With over 38 years in orbit, it has far exceeded many satellites’ design lifetimes. It orbits in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) at altitudes between 360 km and 19,542 km with an inclination of 3.8°. It travels at approximately 17,790 km/h (4.94 km/s), completing one full orbit every 5 hours 46 minutes — that’s roughly 4.16 orbits per day. Its orbital eccentricity of 0.5876 gives it a noticeably elliptical path, with significant altitude variation between perigee and apogee. Spent rocket bodies like ARIANE 2 R/B are among the largest pieces of uncontrolled space debris and are priority targets for collision avoidance manoeuvres and future active debris removal efforts.

ARIANE 2 R/B orbits at an average altitude of 9,951 km in Medium Earth Orbit, the region between LEO and GEO (2,000–35,786 km). MEO’s higher altitude gives each satellite a much larger ground footprint than LEO, meaning fewer spacecraft are needed for global coverage — but signal latency is higher and radiation from the Van Allen belts is a significant design constraint. Within ±50 km of ARIANE 2 R/B’s average altitude, there are currently 2 active payloads and 4 tracked debris or rocket body fragments. This is a relatively sparse altitude band, containing less than 1% of all active satellites. With an inclination of 3.8°, ARIANE 2 R/B passes over latitudes between 3.8°N and 3.8°S, concentrating coverage over equatorial and near-equatorial regions. Low-inclination orbits maximise revisit rates over specific tropical zones. France operates approximately 120 active satellites in total.