ARIANE 5 R/B

ARIANE 5 R/B is a spent rocket body associated with France, launched on 2007-10-05 from Guiana Space Centre, French Guiana on the Optus D2 launch. After 19 years in orbit, it continues to be tracked by global surveillance networks. It orbits in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) at altitudes between 365 km and 32,773 km with an inclination of 4.5°. It travels at approximately 15,006 km/h (4.17 km/s), completing one full orbit every 9 hours 37 minutes — that’s roughly 2.50 orbits per day. Its orbital eccentricity of 0.7064 gives it a noticeably elliptical path, with significant altitude variation between perigee and apogee. Spent rocket bodies like ARIANE 5 R/B are among the largest pieces of uncontrolled space debris and are priority targets for collision avoidance manoeuvres and future active debris removal efforts.

ARIANE 5 R/B orbits at an average altitude of 16,569 km in Medium Earth Orbit, the region between LEO and GEO (2,000–35,786 km). MEO’s higher altitude gives each satellite a much larger ground footprint than LEO, meaning fewer spacecraft are needed for global coverage — but signal latency is higher and radiation from the Van Allen belts is a significant design constraint. Within ±50 km of ARIANE 5 R/B’s average altitude, there are currently 1 active payload and 12 tracked debris or rocket body fragments. This is a relatively sparse altitude band, containing less than 1% of all active satellites. With an inclination of 4.5°, ARIANE 5 R/B passes over latitudes between 4.5°N and 4.5°S, concentrating coverage over equatorial and near-equatorial regions. Low-inclination orbits maximise revisit rates over specific tropical zones. France operates approximately 120 active satellites in total.