ARIANE 5 R/B

ARIANE 5 R/B is a spent rocket body associated with France, launched on 2011-05-20 from Guiana Space Centre, Kourou on the INSAT-4G launch. After 15 years in orbit, it continues to be tracked by global surveillance networks. It orbits in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) at altitudes between 135 km and 14,711 km with an inclination of 2.5°. It travels at approximately 19,352 km/h (5.38 km/s), completing one full orbit every 4 hours 29 minutes — that’s roughly 5.35 orbits per day. Its orbital eccentricity of 0.5283 gives it a noticeably elliptical path, with significant altitude variation between perigee and apogee. Spent rocket bodies like ARIANE 5 R/B are among the largest pieces of uncontrolled space debris and are priority targets for collision avoidance manoeuvres and future active debris removal efforts.

ARIANE 5 R/B orbits at an average altitude of 7,423 km in Medium Earth Orbit, the region between LEO and GEO (2,000–35,786 km). MEO’s higher altitude gives each satellite a much larger ground footprint than LEO, meaning fewer spacecraft are needed for global coverage — but signal latency is higher and radiation from the Van Allen belts is a significant design constraint. Within ±50 km of ARIANE 5 R/B’s average altitude, there are currently 1 active payload and 13 tracked debris or rocket body fragments. This is a relatively sparse altitude band, containing less than 1% of all active satellites. With an inclination of 2.5°, ARIANE 5 R/B passes over latitudes between 2.5°N and 2.5°S, concentrating coverage over equatorial and near-equatorial regions. Low-inclination orbits maximise revisit rates over specific tropical zones. France operates approximately 115 active satellites in total.