COSMOS 654

COSMOS 654 is an active satellite operated by Soviet Navy (Russia (CIS)), launched on 1974-05-17 from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan on the US-A reactor launch. After more than 52 years in orbit, it is one of the longest-surviving objects in the space catalogue. It orbits in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at altitudes between 909 km and 1,022 km with an inclination of 65.0°. It travels at approximately 26,535 km/h (7.37 km/s), completing one full orbit every 104 minutes — that’s roughly 13.80 orbits per day. At its current altitude, the estimated orbital lifetime before atmospheric re-entry is ~100–500 years. Orbital Radar tracks COSMOS 654 in real time using the latest two-line element set (TLE) data, providing live position, altitude, speed and orbital path updated continuously.

COSMOS 654 orbits at an average altitude of 966 km in the upper LEO band, where atmospheric drag is negligible and objects can persist for centuries to millennia. This altitude is used by broadband constellations like OneWeb and by scientific missions requiring stable orbits far from the densest debris bands. Within ±50 km of COSMOS 654’s average altitude, there are currently 429 active payloads and 1,225 tracked debris or rocket body fragments. With an inclination of 65.0°, COSMOS 654 passes over latitudes between 65.0°N and 65.0°S, covering most populated land masses in both hemispheres. This mid-inclination band balances global coverage with efficient launch energy requirements. Russia (CIS) operates approximately 1,553 active satellites in total, of which 206 share a similar altitude band with COSMOS 654.