Satellite Spotlight: COSMOS 1408 — The 2021 Russian ASAT Test Debris Field
COSMOS 1408 was a Soviet military satellite launched on 16 September 1982. It was part of the Tselina-D series, designed for electronic intelligence gathering.
What is COSMOS 1408?
COSMOS 1408 was a Soviet military satellite launched on 16 September 1982. It was part of the Tselina-D series, designed for electronic intelligence gathering. The satellite operated in low Earth orbit (LEO) and was part of the Soviet Union's efforts to monitor radio signals from various sources, providing valuable data for military and strategic purposes.
Mission and Purpose
The primary mission of COSMOS 1408 was to intercept and analyse electronic signals, a capability crucial during the Cold War era. It was equipped with sophisticated instruments to detect radio emissions from ground-based and airborne sources. The satellite's mission contributed to the broader Soviet electronic intelligence (ELINT) programme, enhancing the country's ability to gather strategic information.
Orbital Characteristics
COSMOS 1408 was placed in a polar orbit, allowing it to cover the entire Earth's surface over time. Its initial orbit had an altitude of approximately 485 kilometres and an inclination of 82.5 degrees. The satellite's orbital period was about 94 minutes. The NORAD ID for COSMOS 1408 is 13552. These orbital parameters made it well-suited for global surveillance operations.
Significance and Legacy
COSMOS 1408 gained renewed attention in November 2021 when it became the target of a Russian anti-satellite (ASAT) missile test. The destruction of the satellite generated a significant debris field, adding over 1,500 trackable pieces to the space debris catalogue. This event highlighted the growing issue of space debris and the risks associated with ASAT tests. The debris field has posed a threat to active satellites and the International Space Station (ISS), necessitating frequent monitoring and potential collision avoidance manoeuvres.
Current Status
The debris from COSMOS 1408 continues to orbit the Earth, contributing to the increasing challenge of space debris management. As of now, the debris field is monitored closely by various space agencies and organisations, including those listed in the Orbital Radar Debris Map. Efforts to track and mitigate the impact of this debris are ongoing, with particular focus on ensuring the safety of operational satellites and human spaceflight missions.
