SBS 4 R/B(PAM-D)

SBS 4 R/B(PAM-D) is a spent rocket body associated with United States, launched on 1984-08-30 from Cape Canaveral, Florida on the OV-103 PAM deploy launch. With over 42 years in orbit, it has far exceeded many satellites’ design lifetimes. It orbits in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) at altitudes between 329 km and 29,285 km with an inclination of 22.5°. It travels at approximately 15,618 km/h (4.34 km/s), completing one full orbit every 8 hours 31 minutes — that’s roughly 2.82 orbits per day. Its orbital eccentricity of 0.6836 gives it a noticeably elliptical path, with significant altitude variation between perigee and apogee. Spent rocket bodies like SBS 4 R/B(PAM-D) are among the largest pieces of uncontrolled space debris and are priority targets for collision avoidance manoeuvres and future active debris removal efforts.

SBS 4 R/B(PAM-D) orbits at an average altitude of 14,807 km in Medium Earth Orbit, the region between LEO and GEO (2,000–35,786 km). MEO’s higher altitude gives each satellite a much larger ground footprint than LEO, meaning fewer spacecraft are needed for global coverage — but signal latency is higher and radiation from the Van Allen belts is a significant design constraint. With an inclination of 22.5°, SBS 4 R/B(PAM-D) passes over latitudes between 22.5°N and 22.5°S, covering the tropical and temperate zones where most of the world’s population resides. Low-to-mid inclination orbits are efficient to reach from equatorial and mid-latitude launch sites. United States operates approximately 12,858 active satellites in total.