Satellite Spotlight: COSMOS 1408 — The 2021 Russian ASAT Test Debris Field

Introduction to COSMOS 1408

COSMOS 1408, also known by its NORAD ID 13552, was a Soviet-era electronic signals intelligence satellite launched on 16 September 1982. It was part of the Tselina-D series, designed to monitor electronic communications and radar emissions from Earth. The satellite operated in a sun-synchronous orbit, which allowed it to pass over the same part of the Earth at the same local solar time, optimizing its reconnaissance capabilities.

Mission and Purpose

The primary mission of COSMOS 1408 was to gather electronic intelligence (ELINT) by intercepting signals from ground-based radar and communication systems. This intelligence was crucial during the Cold War for military and strategic purposes. The satellite's design allowed it to capture a wide range of frequencies, making it a valuable asset for the Soviet Union's defence and intelligence operations.

Orbital Characteristics

COSMOS 1408 was placed into a sun-synchronous orbit with an inclination of approximately 82.5 degrees. This orbit allowed it to maintain consistent lighting conditions for its sensors. The satellite's altitude varied between 464 km and 490 km, with an orbital period of about 94 minutes. These parameters were typical for reconnaissance satellites of its era, providing frequent revisits over target areas.

Significance and Legacy

The most notable event in COSMOS 1408's history occurred on 15 November 2021, when it was deliberately destroyed in a Russian anti-satellite (ASAT) missile test. This test created a significant debris field, adding over 1,500 trackable pieces of debris to Earth's orbit, with many more untrackable fragments. The debris posed a collision risk to other satellites, including the International Space Station (ISS), necessitating manoeuvres to avoid potential impacts. The event highlighted the growing concerns over space debris and the need for international regulations on ASAT tests.

Current Status

As of 2026, the debris from COSMOS 1408 continues to be monitored closely. The Orbital Radar Debris Map provides real-time tracking of these fragments, which remain a threat to active satellites and space missions. Efforts to mitigate the debris risk include tracking close approaches and developing strategies for debris removal. The incident has spurred discussions on space sustainability and the importance of preserving the orbital environment for future generations.